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Reducing water availability in solid substrate media has been explored as a strategy to increase endogenous reserves, such as sugar alcohols (ie, polyols), in aerial conidia grown at least on agar media whether the same phenomenon exists with solid substrate fermentation remains to be determined. Low yields pose a major constraint to the commercial physiological manipulation. Generally, it has been shown that growth of fungi under stress conditions is associated with production of conidia with increased stress tolerance but also accompanied with very low conidial yields that do not favor commercial production ( Rangel et al., 2015).
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Physical, chemical, and nutritional conditions can be altered during fungal growth to manipulate endogenous reserves for production of propagules with improved stress tolerance to abiotic factors and virulence to insect pests ( Jackson, 1997 Magan, 2001 Rangel et al., 2015). Several recent studies have identified an alternative approach in manipulation of fermentation conditions to improve environmental stress tolerance (reviewed by Jaronski, 2013). Other researchers have altered fungus properties through genetic modifications. Formulations can be devised to compensate for the limitations of a strain to a variable level of success. Screening programs aim to identify strains with suitable attributes to meet a particular situation. Mascarin, in Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests, 2017 9.5.5 Affecting Propagule Attributes by Environmental Manipulationįungal spores have a range of environmental factors (temperature, humidity) that affects their efficacy.